Input/Output (I/O) modules are critical components that facilitate the interaction between the physical environment and control systems in industrial automation. These modules connect sensors, actuators, and other field devices to a central controller like a PLC or industrial PC. I/O modules are categorized into digital input, digital output, analog input, and analog output units, enabling data acquisition and control across a variety of parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and position. With modular or distributed architectures, I/O systems can be scaled for small machines or large manufacturing lines. I/O modules use protocols like EtherCAT, PROFINET, CANopen, and Modbus to communicate with control units, ensuring low-latency and real-time control. Manufacturers such as Beckhoff, WAGO, Siemens, and Allen-Bradley offer compact, DIN-rail mounted I/O solutions designed for high channel density, diagnostic capabilities, and hot-swappable functionality. These modules ensure precise control, reduce wiring complexity, and enable flexible expansion, making them indispensable in applications from robotic cells to packaging lines.
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